Air pollution exposure linked to higher COVID-19 cases and deaths – new studyMatt Cole, University of Birmingham; Ceren Ozgen, University of Birmingham, and Eric Strobl, Université de BerneThe global death toll from COVID-19 has now passed half a million. To slow the spread of the disease, we need to better understand why some places have higher numbers of cases and deaths than others. One factor that could partially explain this is air pollution. Research has shown that long term exposure to pollutants such as fine particulate matter (often called PM2.5, as these are particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) can reduce lung function and cause respiratory illness. These pollutants have also been shown to cause a persistent inflammatory response even in the relatively young and to increase the risk of infection by viruses that target the respiratory tract. The pathogen that causes COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2 – is one such virus. Several studies have already suggested that poor air quality can leave people at greater risk of contracting the virus, and at greater risk of serious illness and death. A study of the US found that even a small increase in PM2.5 concentrations of 1 microgram per cubic metre is associated with an 8% increase in the COVID-19 death rate. Our new research looked at the relationship between COVID-19 cases and exposure to air pollution in the Netherlands and found that the equivalent figure for that country could be up to 16.6%. Read more: What you need to know about how coronavirus is changing science The unusual case of the NetherlandsAfter analysing data for 355 Dutch municipalities, we found that an increase in fine particulate matter concentrations of 1 microgram per cubic metre was linked with an increase of up to 15 COVID-19 cases, four hospital admissions and three deaths. The first confirmed COVID-19 case in the Netherlands occurred in late February and by late June over 50,000 cases had been identified. The national spread of COVID-19 cases shows a greater number in the south-eastern regions. Unusually, these hotspots of disease transmission are in relatively rural regions where there are fewer people living close together. The Dutch media offered one potential explanation. In late February and early March each year, these areas hold carnival celebrations which attract thousands of people to street parties and parades – 2020 was no exception, so does that explain the rapid spread of COVID-19 there? While it’s likely that the carnival celebrations played a role, the pattern of cases across these regions suggest other factors may be at least as important. The south-eastern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg house over 63% of the country’s 12 million pigs and 42% of its 101 million chickens. Intensive livestock production produces large amounts of ammonia. These particles often form a significant proportion of fine particulate matter in air pollution. Concentrations of this are at their highest in air samples from the south-east of the Netherlands. The correlation between these indicators of air pollution and cases of COVID-19 is clear to see, but is it just a coincidence? Pollutants associated with COVID-19Our analysis used COVID-19 data up to June 5 2020, capturing almost the entire known course of the Dutch epidemic. The relationship we found between pollution and COVID-19 exists even after controlling for other contributing factors, such as the carnival, age, health, income, population density and others. To put our results in context, the highest annual average concentration of fine particulate matter in a Dutch municipality is 12.3 micrograms per cubic metre, while the lowest is 6.9. If concentrations in the most polluted municipality fell to the level of the least polluted, our results suggest this would lead to 82 fewer disease cases, 24 fewer hospital admissions and 19 fewer deaths, purely as a result of the change in pollution. Read more: What we do and don't know about the links between air pollution and coronavirus The correlation we found between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 is not simply a result of disease cases being clustered in large cities where pollution may be higher. After all, COVID-19 hotspots in the Netherlands were in relatively rural regions. Still, region-level data can only get us so far. Within regions, pollution levels and COVID-19 cases can vary considerably from place to place, making it hard to estimate the precise relationship between the two. Being able to study this link among individual people would allow us to more precisely eliminate the influence of age and health conditions. But until this kind of data is available, the evidence of a relationship between pollution and COVID-19 can never be conclusive. Matt Cole, Professor of Environmental Economics, University of Birmingham; Ceren Ozgen, Assistant Professor in Economics, University of Birmingham, and Eric Strobl, Professor of Economics, Université de Berne This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. Bats are hosts to a range of viruses but don't get sick – why?Keith Grehan, University of LeedsBats harbour many diverse viruses, including coronaviruses. Indeed, Sars, Mers and COVID-19 – which are all caused by coronaviruses – are thought to have emerged from bats. These diseases can be deadly to humans, yet bats seem to be unaffected by them. Like all animal species, bats possess their own range of pathogens – viral, bacterial and fungal. Organisms are part of an interconnected system of other living things that evolved to exploit and be exploited in turn. Bats have therefore evolved with a set of viruses that infect them and continuously circulate through the bat population. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 is a member of a family of viruses called the coronaviridae (coronaviruses). Coronaviruses, or “CoVs”, infect a variety of animals, with human infections ranging from HCoV-229E, which causes some cases of the common cold, to MERS-CoV, which is fatal in up to 30% of cases. Read more: Coronavirus: three misconceptions about how animals transmit diseases debunked Since the original SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002, coronaviruses closely related to SARS-CoV have been discovered in bats from countries all over the world. Scientists in China studying Chinese horseshoe bats in 2013, identified several SARS-like CoVs that use the same ACE2 receptor to bind to cells as the current SARS-CoV-2. These viruses were similar enough to SARS-CoV that they were termed SARS-like coronaviruses. New viruses have been added to this group since then. So there is a significant diversity of coronaviruses circulating in bats, which may increase the probability that one of these viruses has the potential to become a zoonotic infection – in other words, can jump to humans. Bats are excellent hosts for viruses in general and coronaviruses as a group have been particularly successful at infecting and diversifying within bats. The highly social nature of many bat species leads to the constant exchange of viral pathogens between bats – and this may act to drive viral diversification within a population. Unique among mammalsWith so many potentially dangerous viruses circulating among them, why do the bats themselves not die off from these constant infections? Clearly, bats can maintain a balance between control of a viral infection and the excessive inflammatory response that can kill other hosts. Perhaps the answer lies in their unique feature among mammals – flight. Read more: Bat flu can spread to humans: should we be worried? The physiological requirements of flight have affected the bat immune system. Flight causes bats to have elevated metabolic functions and raises their core body temperature about 38°C. This means that bats are often in a state that, for humans, would be considered a fever. Researchers in the UK have suggested that this may be a mechanism to help bats survive viral infections. Viral infections can harm the host, in part, by causing an out-of-control inflammation response called a “cytokine storm”, which can be a fatal complication in several respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. If bats adaptation to flight also allows them to tolerate high body temperatures better, it means they can tolerate at least some potential damaging effects of the inflammation response better than other mammals. In addition to traits that allow bats to tolerate a high body temperature, bats may also have other adaptations that mark their immune system as unusual or unique among mammals. A sting in the taleIn 2018, scientists in China and Singapore identified a mutation in a gene that helps to control the antiviral response in bats during a viral infection. The mutation is in a gene called the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which is common to all mammals and has a crucial role in triggering the inflammation response during a viral infection. The mutation identified in bats has been shown to reduce the production of specific inflammation-causing proteins, called interferons, during a viral infection. It may seem counter-intuitive that reduced production of an antiviral component could be better for the host, but it appears that damping down the inflammation response may allow the bats to avoid the damage caused an excessive immune response – the previously mentioned cytokine storm. Adaptation to flight and mutation in STING both serve to control and tolerate inflammation. But these changes are probably only part of how bats have adapted to persistent viral infections in a way that other species have not. Although we have known for a long time that bats are a potential source of novel viruses, research into bat immunity remains at the cutting edge of science, and new research is emerging all the time. It is likely that further discoveries will be made and that each new piece of data will enhance our understanding of bats, viruses and provide insights into our own immune systems. Keith Grehan, Postdoctoral Researcher, Molecular Biology, University of Leeds This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. PLEASE EXCUSE THE CLICK-BAIT - this photo has nothing whatsoever to do with the article! The image was from a Chinese Shop in Vienna I had taken some years ago. I used it as the top image for my post on the Hive Blockchain - click the title below to read my post. Local lockdowns could lead to civil disorder – here's whyThe city of Leicester, in the UK’s Midlands region, is facing a lockdown following a recent spike in COVID cases. The decision was confirmed by UK home secretary, Priti Patel, on the BBC’s Andrew Marr Show on Sunday, June 27. A related article appeared on THE CONVERSATION about a month ago: Lockdown: |
00:01 Einleitung 00:55 Basis-Fakten 04:12 1. Die Zahlen 09:21 2. Die Argumente 16:20 3. Der Test 20:40 4. Die Maßnahmen 31:57 5. Die Experten 32:05 # Prof. Dr. Püschel, Rechtsmediziner 35:44 # Prof. Dr. Streeck, Virologe 36:06 # Prof. Dr. Mölling, Virologin 37:09 # Prof. DDr. Haditsch, Virologe, Mikrobiologe und Infektionsepidemiologe 40:48 # Prof. Dr. Bhakdi, Mikrobiologe und Infektionsepidemiologe 43:32 # Dr. Wolfgang Wodarg, Lungenfacharzt und Epidemiologe 47:22 # Dr. Claus Köhnlein, Internist 48:47 # Edward Snowden 50:15 # Dr. Raphael Bonelli, Psychiater, Neurowissenschaftler und system. Psychotherapeut 58:02 Schlussbemerkung
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Eine reichliche Quellenübersicht is hier zu finden für die jeweiligen Abschnitte in diesem Video:
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Es lohnt sich hier zu recherchieren, Links zu der jeweiligen Fachliteratur bzw Videos |
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Don't forget, I am first and foremost a artist.
MORE QUESTIONS & A FEW ANSWERS
So I keep digging. Here are some ABSTRACTS from which I hope to build my case:
(translate to English and show side by side with German)
(▲ article in German)
ENGLISH Comments
Talk about 100,000 dead first, then wonder that people are scared and afraid!
A political failure at all levels! How does it look like: Austrian Ministry of Health Dashboard So at this time 437 people are currently sick in all of Austria! Statistically speaking, what are the chances that you will encounter one of them (who should be in quarantine) on the public transport in Vienna, and he will then also cough on us! Quote from the text: "In order to reverse the trend again, the company is trying to reduce the fear of infection among passengers. On the one hand, reference is made to the study by AGES (Agency for Health and Food Security) presented on May 6 that no cluster infections had been reported so far - meaning no occurrence of frequent cases in public transportation." |
DEUTSCHE Kommentare
Zuerst über 100.000 Tote reden, dann wundern sie sich das die Menschen verschreckt sind und sich fürchten!
Ein politisches Versagen auf allen Ebenen! Wie sieht es aus: Österreichisches Gesundheitsministerium Dashboard Also momentan 437 Aktuell Erkrankte in ganz Österreich! Statistisch gesehen, was sind die Chancen dass man einen davon (der sich ja in Quarantäne befinden sollte) auf den Öffis in Wien begegnet der uns dann auch noch anhustet! Zitat von dem Text: "Um den Trend wieder umzukehren, bemüht sich das Unternehmen, die Angst vor einer Ansteckung bei den Fahrgästen zu nehmen. Einerseits verweist man auf die am 6. Mai präsentierte Studie der AGES (Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit), wonach bisher kein einziger Infektions-Cluster – also das Auftreten gehäufter Fälle – in Öffis aufgetreten sei." |
The restrictions don't stop until there is a vaccine or an effective drug. I really don't want to be vaccinated with the Gates miracle syringe. An effective drug? it never existed against corona viruses, there will never be. Tamiflu against a flu that was barely noticeable. And vaccine against swine flu where people got really sick afterwards. Now they want to play around with RNA, intervene in our DNA - this can have bad consequences because the test subjects would first have to be observed for years whether they might not get cancer. We are upset about genetic engineering in our food, so do we want to inject genetic engineering into people? This week in the Zeit (magazine): The vaccine inventors from BioNTech. Links below are all in German: Im Team gegen Corona My Research: Erste Teilnehmer von Biontech-Studie in den USA geimpft Quote: "In search of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the first tests by the Mainz-based company Biontech and the US company Pfizer have also started in the United States. The companies said that the first subjects had been treated. The candidate vaccine is an experimental RNA vaccine." They have been on the radar since April. Successful with stock market price through press releases. Much like the gold exploration companies - are always on the lookout. Now and then promising reports. And then: Bre-X Quote from Wer ist Biontech? "The share price is, at least for many investors, the measure of a company's success. In the middle of the week, that of the Mainz-based biotechnology group Biontech on the US technology exchange Nasdaq rose to almost $ 56. That was an increase of more than 30 percent in a single day." I am interested in the so-called dark figures. We have to wear masks because we could possibly be asymptomatic virus throwers. But my question: should I have caught the virus, be asymptomatic, then after some time my immune system should have successfully fought the virus - as well as every other sick person who has then recovered. Thus, like the recovered, I am part of herd immunity. That would also explain why the number of cases did not go up despite loosening, meetings, demos, hardware stores, Easter, Pentecost, etc. I've had a lot of experience with corona virus. The last time I was sick in 2012 was when I was hit hard. Nothing since then, and hardly ever before. |
Die Beschränkungen hören erst gänzlich auf, wenn es einen Impfstoff oder ein wirksames Medikament gibt.
Mit dem Gates seiner Wunderspritze lass ich mich aber wirklich nicht impfen. Ein wirksames Medikament? gab es niemals gegen Coronaviren, wird es auch nie geben. Tamiflu gegen eine Grippe die kaum bemerkbar war. Und Impfstoff gegen die Schweinegrippe wo Menschen daraufhin erst so recht krank wurden. Jetzt wollen sie mit RNA herumspielen, in unser DNA eingreifen - das kann schlechte Folgen haben denn die müssten Probanden erstmal jahrelang beobachten ob die nicht vielleicht Krebs davon bekommen. Wir regen uns über Gentech in unserer Nahrung auf, und da wollen sie Gentech in Menschen einspritzen? Diese Woche in der Zeit: Die Impfstoff-Erfinder von BioNTech. Link: Im Team gegen Corona Mein Research: Erste Teilnehmer von Biontech-Studie in den USA geimpft Zitat: "Auf der Suche nach einem Impfstoff gegen SARS-CoV-2 sind mittlerweile auch die ersten Tests des Mainzer Unternehmens Biontech und des US-Unternehmens Pfizer in den Vereinigten Staaten angelaufen. Die erste Probanden seien behandelt worden, teilten die Firmen nun mit. Es handelt sich bei der Kandidatvakzine um einen experimentellen RNA-Impfstoff." Die sind schon seit April am Radar. Mit Börsenkurs durch Presseaussendungen erfolgreich. Ungefähr so wie die Goldexploration Firmen - sind immer auf der Suche. Ab und zu vielversprechende Meldungen. Und dann: Bre-X Quote von Wer ist Biontech? "Der Aktienkurs ist zumindest für viele Investoren das Maß für den Erfolg eines Unternehmens. Mitte der Woche ging der des Mainzer Biotechnologiekonzerns Biontech an der US-Technologiebörse Nasdaq bis auf fast 56 Dollar in die Höhe. Das waren ein Plus von mehr als 30 Prozent an einem einzige Tag." Mich interessieren die sogenannten Dunkelziffern. Wir müssen ja Masken tragen weil wir möglicherweise asymptomatische Virenschleudern sein könnten. Meine Frage aber: sollte ich das Virus erwischt haben, asymptomatisch sein, dann müsste ja nach einiger Zeit mein Immunsystem das Virus erfolgreich bekämpft haben - sowie auch bei jedem anderen Erkrankten der dann genesen ist. Somit bin ich, eben so wie die Genesenen, ein Teil der Herdenimmunität. Das würde auch erklären warum die Fallzahlen trotz Lockerungen, Versammlungen, Demos, Baumarkt, Ostern, Pfingsten usw nicht in die Höhe gegangen sind. Ich habe so einiges erlebt in Bezug auf Corona Viren. Letztes Mal war ich in 2012 krank, da hat es mich gut erwischt. Seither nichts mehr, und kaum je vorher. |
published June 7th 2020 in RP-ONLINE
article is in German, use Google Translate:
Bonner Virologe Streeck plädiert für „mehr Mut“ im Sommer
Bonn virologist Streeck pleads for "more courage" in summer
Quote: "Virologist Hendrik Streeck sees an opportunity to fight the corona pandemic during the summer months. Partial immunity could possibly be built up in the population."
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Zitat: "Bei der Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie sieht der Virologe Hendrik Streeck eine Chance während der Sommermonate. Es könne möglicherweise eine Teilimmunität in der Bevölkerung aufgebaut werden."
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I am quoting short excerpts from these articles
please click the links to read more:
MAY 15TH, 2020
POSTED BY JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
April 14th 2020 in MASHABLE
How Fast Does Sunlight Kill Coronavirus?
CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Oxford Academic - The Journal of Infectious Diseases
So 'stay at home' should be replaced with 'stay outdoors in the sunshine', of course with the caution to use sunscreen and keep your distance from others as viruses can still spread from coughs and sneezes.
Additional Information
ROSA ELEFANTEN
Von bösen Mächten wunderbar geborgen
Es handelt sich hier um ein Essay von Anselm Neft in ZEIT ONLINE:
Über das Coronavirus zirkulieren sogenannte Verschwörungstheorien. Manche Menschen glauben an sie. Und als Glauben lässt sich das Phänomen auch am ehesten analysieren.
Über die Irrtümer eines zirkulären Arguments
Die Verknüpfung mit Artikeln in diesem Essay die selbst auf ähnliche Weise verfasst wurden, ohne wissenschaftliche Beweise zu zitieren, bestätigt nur, was offensichtlich ist, dass es sich um ein Zirkelargument handelt.
Die Definition eines kreisförmigen Arguments ist Zirkulares Denken (lateinisch: circulus in probando, "Kreis beim Beweisen"; auch als zirkuläre Logik bekannt) ist ein logischer Irrtum, bei dem der Denker mit dem beginnt, womit er zu enden versucht. Die Komponenten eines Zirkelarguments sind häufig logisch gültig, denn wenn die Prämissen wahr sind, muss die Schlussfolgerung wahr sein.
Angenommen dies wäre eine akademische Abhandlung so wäre diese mit nicht genügend zu beurteilen.
Wenn ich zum Beispiel über Verschwörungstheorien spreche, dann nenne ich konkrete Beispiele, wie dieses hier:
über zu wenig Angst in der Bevölkerung
der Standard, 27. April 2020
Beispiele von wilden Verschwörungstheorien gibt es genug, doch diese sind von Seiten der Regierung und den Medien geschürt nachdem das alte Angstmacher Protokoll aufgedeckt wurde. Jetzt wird verzweifelt was Neues gesucht damit man sagen kann: es ist Alles viel schlimmer als bisher geglaubt, Nur Bill Gates kann uns retten.
Nur, dass die selber nicht daran glauben und in den öffentlichen Aussendungen ein Kasperltheater vorführen, das beweist eben das Video vom Kleinwalsertal.
Über die Irrtümer eines zirkulären Arguments
THE PERILS OF ISOLATION
In these strange times where laws and regulations are in place to shut people in, in order to "protect" against the dreaded Corona Virus it is especially important for us to realize what detrimental effect this misguided policy can have on particularly the elderly that it is supposed to protect.
The following essay from 4 years ago, re-blogged from THE CONVERSATION drives the point home:
Studies confirm that loneliness isn’t good for anyone’s health. It increases levels of stress hormones in the body while leading to poor sleep, a compromised immune system and, in the elderly, cognitive decline.
The perils of a life in isolation
This message is forcefully driven home in the newly released thriller “Shut In.” Naomi Watts plays a widowed child psychologist who lives in isolation in rural New England with her son, who is comatose and bedridden as the result of an automobile accident. Snowed in and withdrawn from the outside world, Watts’ character descends into a desperate existence. It soon becomes difficult for her to distinguish the phantasms of her imagination from the reality of the creepy goings-on in her apparently haunted house.
Rejection by others psychologically wounds us more deeply than almost anything else, and research by neuroscientists reveals that ostracism can lead to feeling actual physical pain. Other studies confirm that loneliness isn’t good for anyone’s health. It increases levels of stress hormones in the body while leading to poor sleep, a compromised immune system and, in the elderly, cognitive decline. The damage that solitary confinement inflicts on the mental health of prison inmates has also been well-documented.
Alone in an unchanging environment, the sensory information available to us and the ways in which we process it can change in unpredictable ways. For example, we normally spend most of our time attending to and processing external stimuli from the physical world around us. However, monotonous stimulation from our surroundings may cause us to turn our attention inward – within ourselves – which most of us have much less experience handling.
This can lead to a profoundly altered state of consciousness. We may begin to question what’s going on in our surroundings; Is that creaking sound upstairs just an old house pushing back against the wind, or is it something more sinister? This ambivalence leaves us frozen in place, wallowing in unease, especially if we’re alone. When we’re uncertain, the first thing we usually do is to look to the reactions of others to figure out what is going on. Without others with whom to share information and reactions, ambiguity becomes very hard to resolve. When this happens, our mind may quickly race to the darkest possible conclusions.
Unpleasant things can also happen when small groups of people experience isolation together. Much of what we know about this phenomenon has been gathered from observing the experiences of volunteers at research stations in Antarctica, especially during the “wintering-over” period.
The extreme temperatures, long periods of darkness, alien landscapes and severely reduced sensory input created a perfect natural laboratory for studying the effects of isolation and confinement. The volunteers experienced changes in appetite and sleep patterns. Some stopped being able to accurately track the passage of time and lost the ability to concentrate. The boredom from being around the same people, with limited sources of entertainment, ended up causing a lot of stress. Everyone else’s mannerisms became a grating, annoying and inescapable source of torment.
Sensed presences usually appear in environments with static physical and social stimulation – in other words, when you’re by yourself in a quiet, remote place, just like Naomi Watts’ character in “Shut In.” Low temperature and high levels of stress are also common ingredients.
The vividness of a presence can range from a vague feeling of being watched to seeing a seemingly real person. It could be a god, a spirit, an ancestor or a personal acquaintance. A famous example occurred in 1933, when British explorer Frank Smythe attempted to climb Mt. Everest alone. He became so convinced that someone else was accompanying him on his climb that he even offered a piece of cake to his invisible climbing partner.
Although sensed presences are most frequently reported by people in weird or dangerous places, it’s not unreasonable to assume that such experiences can happen in more mundane surroundings. For example, people who have lost a loved one may shut themselves off from the outside world and rarely leave their homes. The loneliness and isolation, coupled with high levels of stress and unchanging sensory stimulation, might very well produce the same biological conditions that could trigger a “visit” from the recently departed. Studies indicate that almost half of widowed elderly Americans will report having hallucinations of their dead spouse. These experiences seem to be a healthy coping mechanism and a normal part of grieving.
What might all of this say about the way we’re hardwired?
It’s clear that meaningful connection to other people is as essential to health as the air we breathe. Given that prolonged periods of social isolation can crack even the hardiest of individuals, perhaps in the absence of actual human contact our brains may manufacture social experiences – a last-ditch attempt to preserve our sanity.
Frank T. McAndrew, Cornelia H. Dudley Professor of Psychology, Knox College
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
the heinsberg study - die Heinsberg studie
prof. dr. hendrick streeck
So konnten sie u.a. Symptome einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 und die Sterblichkeitsrate ermitteln. Der Studie zufolge liegt die Infektionssterblichkeitsrate in Gangelt bei 0,37 Prozent, die Dunkelziffer der Infizierten ist gut 5-fach höher als die der offiziell Gemeldeten. Für ganz Deutschland schätzen die Forscher die Gesamtzahl der Infizierten auf etwa 1,8 Millionen.
Welche Schlüsse aus den Studienergebnissen gezogen werden, hängt von vielen Faktoren ab, die über eine rein wissenschaftliche Betrachtung hinausgehen“, so Hendrik Streeck, Direktor des Instituts für Virologie am Universitätsklinikum Bonn. „Die Bewertung der Erkenntnisse und die Schlussfolgerungen für konkrete Entscheidungen obliegen der Gesellschaft und der Politik.“
In der Sendung "phoenix persönlich" spricht Alfred Schier mit dem Virologen Hendrik Streeck über die Ergebnisse der Heinsberg-Studie, die Folgerungen, die sich daraus ergeben und über das Bild der Virologen in der Gesellschaft.
„Mit unseren Daten kann nun zum ersten Mal sehr gut geschätzt werden, wie viele Menschen nach einem Ausbruchsereignis infiziert wurden. In unserer Studie waren das 15 Prozent für die Gemeinde Gangelt. Mit der Gesamtzahl aller Infizierter kann die Infektionssterblichkeit (IFR) bestimmt werden. Sie liegt für SARS-CoV-2 für den Ausbruch in der Gemeinde Gangelt bei 0,37 Prozent“, erklärt Studienleiter Professor Dr. Hendrik Streeck, Direktor des Instituts für Virologie am Universitätsklinikum Bonn, die Ergebnisse der Heinsberg-Studie.
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The world faces an unprecedented SARS-CoV2 pandemic where many critical factors still remain unknown. The case fatality rates (CFR) reported in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic substantially differ between countries. For SARS-CoV-2 infection with its broad clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to severe disease courses, the infection fatality rate (IFR) is the more reliable parameter to predict the consequences of the pandemic. Here we combined virus RT-PCR testing and assessment for SARS-CoV2 antibodies to determine the total number of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infections in a given population.
The world is reeling from the coronavirus pandemic, and some countries are reeling more than others.
But Germany seems to be taking the epidemic in its stride with a high number of cases but a low number of deaths, thanks to a number of factors.
In Europe, while Italy and Spain are the worst hit countries with over 100,000 cases each, as of Friday, Germany has recorded 84,794 confirmed cases but has witnessed just 1,107 deaths, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.
The low mortality rate in Germany, at just over 1%, is far below its neighboring European countries, and this has been put down to Germany’s decision to implement widespread testing of people suspected of having the virus, as opposed to Italy or the U.K.’s decision to only test symptomatic cases.
Karl Lauterbach, a professor of health economics and epidemiology at the University of Cologne, and a politician in the Social Democratic Party (SPD) of Germany, told CNBC that Germany’s less severe experience of the pandemic so far was down to a handful of factors.
“I think so far we’ve been lucky because we were hit by the wave of new infections later than many other European countries, for example Italy, Spain and France,” he told CNBC Thursday.
OTTO RAPP
This blog is primarily art related - for my photography please go to
Otto Rapp Photo Blog
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Since April 2020 I have also dedicated a category of my blog to the current Corona Virus crisis.
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