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homemade MASKS - do they work?

8/8/2020

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Image by Jeyaratnam Caniceus from Pixabay 

Does your homemade mask work?

Ti Vla/Shutterstock
Simon Kolstoe, University of Portsmouth

If a surgeon arrived at the operating theatre wearing a mask they had made that morning from a tea towel, they would probably be sacked. This is because the equipment used for important tasks, such as surgery, must be tested and certified to ensure compliance with specific standards.

But anyone can design and make a face covering to meet new public health requirements for using public transport or going to the shops.

Indeed, arguments about the quality and standard of face coverings underlie recent controversies and explain why many people think they are not effective for protecting against COVID-19. Even the language distinguishes between face masks (which are normally considered as being built to a certain standard) and face coverings that can be almost anything else.

Perhaps the main problem is that, while we know that well-designed face masks have been used effectively for many years as personal protective equipment (PPE), during the COVID-19 outbreak shortages of PPE have made it impractical for the entire population to wear regulated masks and be trained to use them effectively.

As a result, the argument has moved away from wearing face masks for personal protection and towards wearing “face coverings” for public protection. The idea is that despite unregulated face coverings being highly variable, they do, on average, reduce the spread of virus perhaps in a similar way as covering your mouth when you cough.

But given the wide variety of unregulated face coverings that people are now wearing, how do we know which is most effective?

The first thing is to understand what we mean by effective. Given that coronavirus particles are about 0.08 micrometres and the weaves within a typical cloth face covering have gaps about 1,000 times bigger (between 1 and 0.1 millimetres), “effectiveness” does not mean reliably trapping the virus. Instead, much like covering our mouths when we cough, the aim of wearing cloth coverings is to reduce the distance that your breath spreads away from your body.

The idea is that if you do have COVID-19, depositing any virus you may breathe out on either yourself or nearby (within one metre) is much better than blowing it all over other people or surfaces.

So an effective face covering is not meant to stop the wearer from catching the virus. Although from a personal perspective we might want to protect ourselves, to do so we should be wearing specially designed PPE such as FFP2 (also known as N95) masks. But, as mentioned, by doing so we risk creating mask shortages and potentially putting healthcare workers at risk.

Instead, if you want to avoid catching the virus yourself, the most effective things to do are avoid crowded places by ideally staying at home, don’t touch your face, and wash your hands often.

Two simple tests

If effectiveness for face coverings means preventing our breath travelling too far away from our bodies, how would we go about comparing different designs or materials?

Perhaps the easiest way, as demonstrated by several increasingly shared pictures or videos on social media, is to find someone who “vapes” and film them breathing out the vapour while wearing a face covering. One glance at such a picture dispels any suggestion that these face coverings stop your breath escaping.

Instead, these pictures show that your breath is directed over the top of your head, down onto your chest, and behind you. The breath is also turbulent, meaning that although it does spread out, it doesn’t go far.

In comparison, if you look at a picture of someone not wearing a face covering, you will see that the exhalation goes mostly forward and down, but a significantly further distance than with the face covering.

Such a test is probably ideal for examining different designs and fits. Do coverings that loop around the ears work better than scarves? How far under your chin does a covering need to go? What is the best nose fitting? How do face shields compare to face masks? These are all questions that could be answered using this method.

But, in conducting this experiment, we should appreciate that “vaping” particles are about 0.1 to 3 micrometres – significantly bigger than the virus. While it is probably fair to assume that the smaller virus particles will travel in roughly the same directions as the vaping particles, there is also the chance that they may still go straight forward through the face covering.

To get an idea of how much this might happen, a simple test involving trying to blow out a candle directly in front of the wearer could be tried. Initially, the distance coupled with the strength of exhalation could be investigated, but then face coverings made from different materials and critically with different numbers of layers could be tried. The design of face covering that made it hardest to divert the candle flame will probably provide the best barrier for projecting the virus forward and through the face covering.

Trying to blow out a candle using different masks.

Without any more sophisticated equipment, it would be difficult to conduct any further simple experiments at home. However, combining the above two tests would provide wearers with a good idea about which of their face coverings would work the best if the aim was to avoid breathing potential infection over other people.The Conversation

Simon Kolstoe, Senior Lecturer in Evidence Based Healthcare and University Ethics Advisor, University of Portsmouth

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.


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  • HOME
    • OTTO RAPP - ART OF THE MYSTIC
    • INTRODUCTION >
      • ABOUT MY WORK
    • PRINTS AND MERCHANDISE >
      • DESIGNS BY OTTO RAPP >
        • DETERIORATION OF MIND COLLECTION
        • PHONE CASES
        • SCATEBOARDS
        • SHOES
        • TIES
        • AOW FASHION
        • PAOM FASHION
        • DESIGN BY HUMANS
        • MY WEAR STORE
        • PIXELS SHOP
        • RAGE ON
        • SOCIETY 6
        • THREADLESS
        • VIDA FASHION
      • ART OF THE MYSTIC PRINT STORE >
        • FAA PIXELS PRINT SHOP
        • LIMITED EDITION PRINTS
      • DEVIANT ART
      • ZAZZLE >
        • RIJKSMUSEUM >
          • ALBRECHT DÜRER
          • JAN DAVIDSZ DE HEEM
    • ESSAY - THE ART OF THE MYSTIC
    • BOGOMIL'S UNIVERSE
    • TALES FROM THE CRYPT BY OTTO RAPP
    • CURRICULUM VITAE >
      • CV Documents
      • EXHIBITIONS
    • CONTACT
    • CIRCLE OF THE SUN
    • PHOTOALBUMS
    • ARTWORK SLIDE SHOW >
      • Flickr Slide Show embed
  • ARTWORK
    • PAINTINGS >
      • ABANDONED BY HIS MOTHER
      • ADAM IN PAIN
      • ALL TIED UP IN KNOTS
      • BOGOMIL ALIEN LANDSCAPE
      • BOGOMIL LANDSCAPE
      • BOGOMIL'S AVATAR
      • BOGOMIL'S CEREMONIAL STAGE: CASPAR AND HIS PROPS
      • BOGOMIL'S COURT
      • BOGOMILS JOURNEY
      • BOGOMILS LANDING
      • BOGOMILS MONASTIC RETREAT
      • BOGOMIL SUNRISE 2
      • DETERIORATION OF MIND OVER MATTER
      • DORILUS DEUS
      • ERNSTHAFTES SPIEL IM INNEREN ERDTEIL
      • FLY-OVER WITH BOGOMIL'S SHUTTLE
      • FOMORII INCUBATOR - IN THE BEGINNING
      • FOMORII INTERIOR II
      • GREY DAY AT THE FACTORY
      • HOUR OF THE COCK
      • ISABELLE DE VOUTHON
      • LADY Z - THE GOLDEN ANGEL
      • MAGNA MATER
      • MONUMENT TO THE UNBORN WAR HERO
      • NUBIAN DREAM
      • OFFSPRING OF TIAMAT
      • PABLOS LAST CONCERT
      • PARTHENOGENESIS II
      • PORTRAIT OF YOUNG BOGOMIL
      • QUIET AFTERNOON IN THE STUDIO
      • RAVEN
      • REVELATION 20
      • SELFPORTRAIT WITH THE CRITICAL EYE
      • THE SURROGATE MOTHER OF WISDOM
      • THE VISITOR
      • YGGDRASIL
    • DRAWINGS >
      • DRAWING DETAILS
      • DRAWINGS SLIDE SHOW
      • A MAD SUMMER NIGHTS DREAM
      • ALPHA AND OMEGA - THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BOGOMILS UNIVERSE
      • ANTIPODES
      • AXIS MUNDI
      • BACKLANE SERENADE
      • BOGOMIL'S AVATAR REVISITED
      • BOGOMIL'S DUCKHUNTING MASK
      • CHRISTAN FANTASY PORTRAIT
      • CTHULHU MONUMENTS
      • EMRAKUL
      • EROS THANATOS
      • EROS THANATOS II
      • EYE OF THE DARK STAR
      • EYE OF THE DARK STAR - JOURNEY THROUGH THE WORMHOLE
      • FAMILY REUNION
      • FOMORII GENERAL
      • FOMORII KING AND HIS QUEEN
      • FOMORII STORMTROOPER
      • JABBERWOCKY
      • KRIX KRAX SPIRIT GUIDE
      • MEMENTO MORI
      • MISS T
      • MUMMENSCHANZ
      • OUROBOROS PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE
      • OUTSKIRTS OF NECROPOLIS
      • PORTAL TO BOGOMILS UNIVERSE IV
      • SELFPROPELLED BEASTIE SEEDING MACHINE
      • SHEPHERD OF THE SPHINX
      • SPIRAL RAPTURE II
      • THE BEAST OF BABYLON
      • THE BIRTHDAY PARTY
      • THE COVID DOCTOR HAS LANDET
      • THE EYE OF THE FOMORII
      • THE FERNAL ALIEN PLANT
      • THE WIZARD OF EARTH SEA
      • TRIPPING THROUGH BOGOMILS MIND
      • UNTITLED A4 2018-08-01
      • UNTITLED P 1010381
      • VINDOBONA ALTARPIECE I
      • VINDOBONA ALTARPIECE III >
        • VINDOBONA ALTARPIECE III details on Issuu
      • WALDRAPP'S TOMB
      • WILLIAM'S WINTER - A TALE FROM THE PRAIRIE
      • YMIR AT REST
    • DIGITAL ART >
      • BOGOMIL VARIATIONS
      • DEEP DREAM
      • DIGITAL ART on Flickr
      • DREAMWORLD
      • MYSTIC UFO
    • WERKVERZEICHNIS
    • FLICKR SLIDE SHOWS
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    • THE MYSTICS BLOGGER BLOG
    • HIVE BLOG
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  • GALLERIES
    • VISIONARY ART GALLERY >
      • VISIONARY ART EXHIBITION
      • OTTO RAPP
    • Gallery atKinsky
    • ORIGINAL ART WORK - INFORMATION
  • READING CORNER
    • A LETTER TO NATALIE
    • APOCALYPSE DELAYED
    • ARE YOU LOST?
    • Art of the Mystic Drawings and Words
    • AS THE SPIRITS MOVE ME
    • BARE-FACED MESSIAH
    • CIRCLE OF THE SUN - ABOUT THE SACRED
    • CODEX SERAPHINIANUS
    • CORONA VIRUS RESOURCES
    • ENCOUNTER ON THE S-BAHN
    • GARDEN OF FERNAL DELIGHTS - Otto’s Dream
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